With Apple's Apple watch beginning to support wireless charging, wireless charging technology has finally opened the process of industrialization, more and more devices to join the wireless charging function, because mobile devices have always-on GPS, high-performance wireless video / audio technology, Increasingly prominent applications and continuous use, so despite the improved battery technology, its battery life is still short, so there is a need for more convenient mobile charging accessories.
Nowadays, wireless charging systems on the market can meet these needs. Simply place the mobile device on the charging pad to complete the charging. There is no need for a micro connector that will eventually wear out, no need to plug in the charger in the dark, no need for help. The child inserts a toy. Yes, this is a completely enclosed, fully waterproof device that is convenient when you put your phone on the charging station in the restaurant and when you are away, it is fully charged.
In fact, according to the IHS research report, at least 5 million wireless charging devices were delivered in 2012, and it is expected that there will be 100 million deliveries by 2015. Of course, this is not just about smartphones, but also MP3 players, digital cameras and other mobile electronic devices.
History of development
The concept of wireless power has been around for a long time. Nikola Tesla, an inventor dedicated to power research, demonstrated intercontinental wireless power transmission in 1891, which in turn identified most of our modern lifestyles. The trial was shocking but somewhat unfortunate. . Tesla tried to confirm the principle of electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831: the current flowing through one wire caused current to flow in another nearby wire.
Tesla's concept is very advanced. Today, people are still studying long-distance wireless power transmission, but it is still impossible. However, short-range wireless power transmission (or wireless charging equipment, systems or technology) can be achieved. The most common home wireless charging system since 1990 has included rechargeable electric toothbrushes and razors. There are also less common biomedical implants that use magnetic induction technology to safely transmit power to harsh and sensitive nearby environments such as the human body.
Qi wireless charging technology
Qi (pronounced "Chee") wireless charging technology is today's leading charging technology, dedicated to establishing international standards for interoperability between wireless charging boards and any mobile device equipped with the corresponding products, semiconductor suppliers, mobile phone manufacturers and wireless services In 2008, the provider formed a Wireless Charging Alliance (WPC) consisting of nearly 200 companies, and in 2009 released the Qi Open Standard. Since then, more than 350 Qi-compatible devices have been available. Qi wireless charging boards are available from stock, and can also be purchased online from online stores such as Amazon or eBay. A post-market receiver set is also available to support mobile devices for Qi wireless charging, including the Samsung Galaxy S3 and S4. In addition, manufacturers are beginning to integrate Qi technology directly into devices such as Nokia Lumia 920, Google Nexus 4, LG. Optimus LTE2 and Panasonic Eluga phones. In fact, WPC announced as early as September 2012 that it has delivered 8.5 million mobile phones with integrated Qi technology.
Now we consider the price of the Qi wireless charging system. The Qi single-position charging pad (which charges a mobile device at a specific location) can cost between $30 and $50. The Qi single-seat free-position charging pad (the mobile device does not need to be locked in a specific location) is slightly more expensive. The Qi three-seat free-position charging board costs about $75. The price of the Qi charging case is as low as $5. These prices are affordable compared to the electronic devices that Qi supports.
Drivers of wireless charging standards
For customers, the main advantage of wireless charging standards is interoperability. Users only need to purchase a wireless charging pad to charge a variety of home mobile devices. While enjoying free Wi-Fi at a local coffee shop, users can also take advantage of wireless charging (an emerging service) without worrying about device compatibility issues. Commercial advocates of standardized technologies believe that this will eliminate users' concerns about wireless charging technology and promote its widespread adoption.
Standard and proprietary agreement
The Qi technology is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction between the charger (transmitter) coil and the mobile device (receiver) coil. There are certain requirements and constraints, that is, 1) each receiver must have a corresponding transmitter, 2 In order to work properly and maximize power transmission, the maximum distance allowed between the two coils is only 4 cm (1.6 inches), 3) the receiver must be located at a specific position relative to the transmitter, although Qi uses 3 to 8 The transmitter coil is capable of supporting the device on the freely positioned charging pad. These limitations of the Qi standard have led to the emergence of new standard forms, each of which introduces new methods that seem to solve some of the key issues.
There are currently three standards organizations that dominate the field of wireless charging using electromagnetic coupling. In addition to the existing WPC, there is the Power Business Alliance (PMA) established in March 2012 and the Wireless Power Alliance (A4WP) established in May 2012. PMA's Power 2.0 technology uses electromagnetic induction and works in much the same way as Qi. Its main advantage is that its software allows hotspot vendors such as Starbucks and McDonald's to monitor and control the use of charging stations. A4WP's A4WP v1.0 standard uses WiPower technology developed by Qualcomm. WiPower utilizes a magnetic resonance principle different from electromagnetic induction, which operates at a higher frequency than Qi and Power 2.0.
Magnetic resonance describes the amount of power transfer between two coils that operate at the same frequency to produce resonance. When the transmitter and receiver terminals vibrate at the same frequency, the receiver derives energy from the electromagnetic field generated by the transmitter and converts it into current to power or charge the mobile device. The advantages of magnetic resonance charging are: 1) charging range can be several inches or more even when crossing obstacles or surfaces, 2) charging multiple devices on the charging board at the same time, 3) receiving on charging board The orientation and positioning capabilities of the device are very flexible. Proponents of A4WP call these advantages "space freedom."
Some companies are advocates of proprietary agreements (sometimes supplemental to standard protocols) or may have permissions. Intel, Apple, and WiTricity (supported by Toyota, Mitsubishi, and Delphi's automation industry giants) are champions, each with strong capabilities and market power. Table 1 further illustrates the differences between the three major wireless charging standards that use electromagnetic coupling.
Talk about the current status and future development of wireless charging technology
Table 1: Comparison of competition standards for wireless charging technology
Latest developments: standard integration and mixed mode solutions
The recent attempt to integrate wireless charging standards has become a focus of close attention. Qualcomm, a founding member of the A4WP, established in 2012, unexpectedly joined the WPC (September 2, 2013) and PMA (October 1, 2013) camps, officially opening this integration attempt. Qualcomm's move is to encourage WPC and PMA to take advantage of A4WP's achievements in the field of magnetic resonance technology. At PMA, Qualcomm wants to work with WiTricity (its proprietary technology based on magnetic resonance) to create a working group to define a "dual mode" specification to closely support magnetic induction and magnetic resonance techniques. WPC is already working on its unique magnetic resonance format to support long-range transmitters and receivers, and will be happy to adopt this expert opinion.
Chip vendors are keen on the concept of mixed-mode solutions. Integrated Device Technology (IDT) offers the IDTP9030 Wireless Power Transmitter IC and the IDTP9020 Wireless Power Receiver, both of which are capable of "multi-mode" operation, supporting Qi standard and proprietary formats to add functionality, improve security and improve Power output capability (up to 7.5W). Dynamic conversion enables seamless transition between Qi and dedicated mode.
Qi specification extension
Only the Qi Low Power Specification has been released, which is capable of delivering up to 5W of energy to support mobile handsets and other small devices. WPC is working to announce the Qi medium power specification to provide up to 120W of energy to support large devices such as tablets, laptops and portable drills.
Improve efficiency
Generally speaking, wireless charging technology based on the principle of electromagnetic coupling urgently needs to solve a wide range of fundamental problems, that is, due to the loss caused by the air gap between the transmitter and the receiver when transmitting power, the inherent power will be lower than that through the wall socket. Or the energy gained by USB. The efficiency of such systems is typically around 70%. With careful design, better shielding and high-quality drive components, and new technologies that use ultra-thin coils to reduce transmission losses, it is possible to increase efficiency to 80% to 85%.
Low power mobile accessory charging applications are more receptive to this less powerful wireless power than wired power. But the lost power is released in the form of heat, which poses a safety issue for high-power applications. Power consumption also means loss of energy, which is a waste for environmentalists or our costs. Therefore, it is currently unrealistic to wirelessly power large electronic devices (such as televisions, refrigerators, etc.).
For the electric vehicle (EV) charging market, energy loss means longer charging times. Wireless charging To win the electric vehicle market, the battery charging time must be lower than the time it takes to fill the fuel tank. HEVO (Hybrid & Electric Vehicle Optimization) has conceived to avoid such problems by providing a magnetic resonance charging station built into the parking space. The vision is that charging the EV is as simple as parking. The driver simply selects a parking space (similar to a manhole cover) equipped with unobtrusive HEVO technology and stops. HEVO's free app will guide you on how to properly charge and handle mobile payment issues. The car needs to be equipped with a receiver, which is not available from HEVO. HEVO plans to be the first to deploy in New York in 2014. RnRMarketResearch predicts that today's $1.7 million EV/Wireless car charging market will reach $4.6 billion in 2019.
Near Field Communication (NFC)
NFC has a place in the wireless power sector. For example, at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) 2013, NXP Semiconductors demonstrated a wireless charging technology that supports two charging standards on a charging pad, as well as NFC's ability to trigger the charging pad and inform the support standard.
The current market is still focusing on combining wireless power transmission technology with NFC to power small devices, with the vision that NFC devices will be able to receive power when placed on a supported laptop. Therefore, technical development work is still needed, including optimizing the current NFC antenna design to improve wireless power transmission. The NFC standard also needs to be modified to support wireless power.
Prospects
Wireless charging technology is not just a performance-oriented industry, so it is difficult to predict its development prospects. Marketing and economic (IP and licensing) drivers also drive their direction. In addition, many companies involved in this field are industry giants, and they can change their development direction at any time.
There are other wireless power technologies that have been separated from electromagnetic technology, such as ultrasound or photovoltaics. As we all know, the convenience of wireless power has become the key to everyone's enthusiasm, and we are working hard to find newer, better, smaller, faster and more cost-effective wireless power solutions.
About the author: This article was written by Landa in Dallas, Texas. She holds a BSEE in Electrical Engineering and 18 years of experience in the electronics industry from technology entrepreneurship to Fortune 500 companies.
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