We know that SERDES has strict phase noise performance requirements for the reference clock. In general, SERDES vendors will specify the phase noise of the reference clock based on the PLL and CDR architecture characteristics and performance data used by the SERDES. This requirement is usually based on not reducing its SERDES performance and is generally more stringent. So, can you not violate it at all? As a supplier, you always want a better reference clock, so the system has the largest margin. But as a user, I always want to use a cheap reference clock to meet the needs and have a certain margin. This requires a certain balance in engineering practice, you need to have a very clear understanding of system specifications, SERDES performance.
For example, the phase noise requirements of the CPLL of the XILINX 7 series SERDES for the reference clock are as follows:
Ref Clock Freq (MHz)
Phase Noise at Offset Frequency? (DBc / Hz)
10KHz
100KHz
1MHz
100
-126
-132
-136
125
-123
-131
-135
156.25
-121
-129
-133
250
-119
-126
-132
312.5
-116
-124
-131
625
-110
-119
-127
The user design needs to run the XAUI protocol, since the XAUI receiver's CDR jitter tolerance inflection point is about 1.87MHz. Therefore, the phase noise below 1 MHz of the reference clock can be appropriately relaxed.
Case 1:
The phase noise of the reference clock does not meet the requirements of the template below 1 MHz, but the noise floor above 1 MHz has a large margin, and a small amount of spurious has a small amount exceeding the standard. This is acceptable, and in engineering practice, it is also successful, fully meeting the user's system requirements.
Case 2:
The phase noise of the reference clock does not meet the requirements of the template below 1 MHz, and there is no margin in the noise floor above 1 MHz, and the spurs are seriously exceeded. This is unacceptable, and in engineering practice, it also causes errors in both directions of sending and receiving.
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Fiber optic adapters (also called couplers) are designed to connect two fiber optic cables together. They come in versions to connect single fibers together (simplex), two fibers together (duplex), or sometimes four fibers together (quad).
Adapters are designed for multimode or singlemode cables. The singlemode adapters offer more precise alignment of the tips of the connectors (ferrules). It is ok to use singlemode adapters to connect multimode cables, but you should not use multimode adapters to connect singlemode cables. This can cause misalignment of the small singlemode fibers and loss of signal strength (attenuation).
When connecting two multimode fibers, you should always make sure they are the same core diameter (50/125 or 62.5/125). A mismatch here will cause attenuation in one direction (where the larger fiber is transmitting light into the smaller fiber).
Fiber optic adapters are typically connecting cables with similiar connectors (SC to SC, LC to LC, etc.). Some adapters, called "hybrid", accept different types of connectors (ST to SC, LC to SC, etc.). When the connectors have differing ferrule sizes (1.25mm to 2.5mm), as found in LC to SC adapters, the adapters are significantly more expensive because of a more complicated design/manufacturing process.
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