If you use a touch-screen phone, you have a chance to experience the magic of Haptics technology, which brings the user experience of gaming consoles, touch-screen devices and mobile electronics to a whole new level.
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Why do people take such a weird name for such a "cool" functional technology? In terms of words, it makes me very puzzled. The word "Haptics" comes from the Greek word "ἅπτω", which means "I stare at it, I touch." Basically, a system with tactile function achieves operational feedback through tactile vibration. The Greeks used the word in the future and did not use much, until modern haptic technology was widely used in all walks of life to give it a new meaning. This technology was first applied in the aerospace sector, allowing pilots to "feel" the simulated vibration of the joystick when the aircraft engine is turned off. On old-fashioned aircraft, this kind of vibration is real, but after the control system is improved, the aircraft will detect this vibration and then force feedback to the system.
In recent years, haptic systems have expanded into the field of simulation and electronics. Some devices that allow users to feel and feel things in distant (or virtual) environments have been widely used in mining, architectural design, education, and even telemedicine. On a more personal level, haptic feedback technology allows you to watch a movie quietly, be reminded of a meeting to attend, or be reminded of a lottery winning text message, and your neighbors are completely ignorant of it. In the game world, since your controller integrates an embedded actuator and programmed in the game, when your car is about to drive out of the road, or if you are injured in Halo grudge match (Xbox game) Tactile feedback technology will remind you.
How does this technology matter to you? We won't repeat it. Let's talk about how it works! Basically, there are two types of tactile sensing technologies in today's market: old school and emerging school. However, both factions are essentially based on motors. Each topology has its own advantages and disadvantages and unique features. Let's take a closer look at each topology.
Deflection Quality (ERM) - Old-fashioned deflection quality is the oldest and most mature tactile feedback technology on the market. Think back to all the vibration-enabled devices of your childhood, most of which were achieved by ERM. As shown in Figure 1, the ERM contains an eccentric rotating mass that creates an omnidirectional vibration as it rotates, and the vibration propagates throughout the device. For example, when your phone is in mute or vibrate mode, it is convenient to alert you with vibration.
Figure 1 deflection mass (ERM) tactile actuator structure
Unfortunately, due to structural problems with ERM, the ability to form complex waveforms is limited. The frequency and amplitude of each wave are coupled together to the input control voltage, allowing you to use only one variable to produce different vibration effects. In general, you can only get different pulse or speed combinations, which is similar to Morse code. Compared to the newer technology, this method of waking up the motor to stop its work and then stop has some limitations. ERM becomes a relatively slow option when speed and response time are required. However, the advantage of this technique is that it has been one of several cost-effective solutions currently available because it has been around for quite some time.
Linear Resonance Actuator (LRA) - Emerging
The new generation of haptic feedback technology is a linear resonant actuator that has been widely adopted by many new handheld device manufacturers. The LRA is basically a spring-connected magnet that is surrounded by a coil and placed in a box-shaped housing, as shown in Figure 2. The magnet is controlled to move in a linear fashion and eventually reach the resonant frequency. This mode of operation at the resonant frequency allows the driver to operate at lower power consumption, with an average power consumption 30% lower than the ERM; however, it is limited by this frequency.
When the LRA drive frequency is moved outside the resonant band, efficiency and performance are greatly reduced. This becomes a design issue that needs to be addressed because the spring constant can change due to losses, temperature fluctuations, or other environmental factors, such as whether the LRA device is stuck or not (if not, there is no need to worry about performance issues.)
Figure 2 Linear Resonance Actuator (LRA) Tactile Actuator
Although there is no flexibility in terms of frequency, the amplitude of the input signal can still be adjusted. The signal is sent to add extra degrees of freedom and unique waveforms that are not achievable with ERM. Regarding response time, LRAs also outperform ERMs because they can provide key confirmation feedback by entering multiple letters in one second, making them ideal for text messaging or any input application.
We have already introduced the new and old two parts of the tactile actuator, but there is still another type of actuator that we have not covered. This type of actuator is not a motor type, it has amazing response times, high energy efficiency, and has a much smaller footprint than ERM and LRA. This ideal new device is called a piezo actuator.
Piezoelectric actuators Accurately speaking, piezoelectric technology is not a cutting-edge technology, because it has been around for decades, basically consisting of a film (vibration-voltage converter). Previously, this technology was used in many energy harvesting applications and drive speakers, but now it will bring the most complex and sophisticated tactile feedback experience. New applications bring this mature technology to a new field. Standard Piezo Actuator technology uses a very thin strip or a disc that bends and then bounces back, creating a shock by applying a voltage across the ends (Figure 3). One way to use a thin strip is to mount the piezoelectric strip end to the touch screen and then connect the center of the strip to the device housing. After that, the touch screen is mounted in a casing so that the strip can be "floated", so that people can clearly feel the piezoelectric vibration of the screen. This experience is called "local touch." You can still feel some vibration of the device itself, but most of it comes from the screen. If you don't need local vibration on the screen, you can use another topology called a drop-in module. It is similar to a piezoelectric actuator but has a lower functionality: the vibration level is not as high as the local piezoelectric feel, but it can greatly reduce the complexity of the design.
Figure 3 Piezoelectric tactile actuators usually use a thin strip or a flat disc that creates a shock when a voltage is applied.
Piezoelectric haptic technology does not have any frequency or amplitude limitations, and designers can achieve waveforms that are less than those that can be achieved with LRA and ERM. Although you can't feel the precise tactile feedback you get when you press a mechanical button, using piezoelectric tactile technology will make the feeling very close in the future. By embedding multiple piezo modules in a design, a highly accurate tactile feedback experience can be produced that can cause vibrations in some, but not all, areas of the touch screen. In capacitive touch-driven applications, each touch point (finger) can feel its unique wave response, rather than the entire screen vibrating.
One disadvantage of piezoelectric actuators is that most systems require a peak-to-peak (Vp-p) voltage of about 100-200 volts to drive the entire device. Multilayer piezo actuators can reduce the system voltage to 50 Vp-p, but such multilayer piezo actuators are expensive. Figure 4 depicts the characteristics of this actuator from the perspective of speed and response time. ERM and LRA have response times ranging from 30 to 60 milliseconds, while piezo actuators typically have response times of less than 2 milliseconds! This property gives them a much higher power than ERM and LRA. With piezo technology, you get higher speeds, get the ideal vibration waveform faster, get back to rest more quickly, and consume less energy.
Figure 4 Piezo tactile technology has a very short startup time compared to ERM and LRA technology
As cool as these actuators, only one component is suitable for the actuator in a wide variety of devices. The reason why such a transmission is "great" is inseparable from the support of many other products. One component that gives maximum support to the actuator is the physical drive. There are many such physical drives on the market, but only a few are designed specifically for piezoelectric actuator drives.
TI's DRV8662 is a 200-Vp-p piezoelectric haptic driver with integrated boost converter. With a fast start-up time of 1.5ms, this piezo driver has a variety of features for any high-end piezo haptic system design. The input voltage can be single-ended or differential and can be used with a 3.0-5.5V supply. The transformer is no longer needed due to the integrated power switch and diode. Therefore, when using a small package, the above specifications mean you can use smaller board space and lower total system cost. Piezoelectric haptic feedback technology is the game rule changer of today's tactile solutions, helping customers get the most realistic and unexpected user experience.
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